Morogoro lies in the agricultural heartland of Tanzania, and is a center of farming in the southern highlands. Tobacco is grown in the region and consolidated here before going to the market. In addition to its agricultural importance, Morogoro is also the center for missionary work that goes on in the country, and various missions and their schools and hospitals are a central feature of the town.

The town of Morogoro lies at the base of the Uluguru Mountains, part of the Eastern Arc chain. Its close location to the peaks makes Morogoro an important stop for hiking trips to the Uluguru Mountains. The mountains are notable for their ancient forests, which botanists estimate to be around 25-million-year-old — some of the oldest forests on the continent. The ancient woodlands support an incredible array of bird and insect life, as well as diverse plant species. The indigenous Luguru tribe offers cultural tourism programs around the Uluguru Mountains and even outside Morogoro.